Getting started: Maximum Logit Score on MNIST¶

This notebook aims at introducing the core features of oodeel, including :

• Instantiation of OODDataset to load a dataset from tensorflow_datasets or torchvision.datasets catalog and to organize in-distribution and out-of-distribution data.
• Preparation of a tf.data.Dataset or a torch.DataLoader ready for scoring and/or training.
• A simple utils to train neural nets (adapted when in-distribution is not a standard dataset, such as a subset of class from a dataset)
• Instantiation of OODBaseDetector based on an already trained model, that is used for scoring data.
• Some evaluation metrics to assess the quality of OOD detection.

First, some required imports.

In [1]:

import os

os.environ["TF_CPP_MIN_LOG_LEVEL"] = "2"
import tensorflow as tf

tf.compat.v1.logging.set_verbosity(tf.compat.v1.logging.ERROR)
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import torch
from IPython.display import clear_output

from oodeel.methods import MLS
from oodeel.eval.metrics import bench_metrics
from oodeel.eval.plots import plot_ood_scores
from oodeel.datasets import load_data_handler
from oodeel.utils.tf_training_tools import train_tf_model
from oodeel.utils.torch_training_tools import train_torch_model

from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, roc_auc_score

import warnings

warnings.filterwarnings("ignore")

cuda_idx = 0 if torch.cuda.is_available() else None

clear_output()

import os os.environ["TF_CPP_MIN_LOG_LEVEL"] = "2" import tensorflow as tf tf.compat.v1.logging.set_verbosity(tf.compat.v1.logging.ERROR) import pandas as pd import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import torch from IPython.display import clear_output from oodeel.methods import MLS from oodeel.eval.metrics import bench_metrics from oodeel.eval.plots import plot_ood_scores from oodeel.datasets import load_data_handler from oodeel.utils.tf_training_tools import train_tf_model from oodeel.utils.torch_training_tools import train_torch_model from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, roc_auc_score import warnings warnings.filterwarnings("ignore") cuda_idx = 0 if torch.cuda.is_available() else None clear_output()

Models are saved at ~/.oodeel/saved_models and data is supposed to be found at ~/.oodeel/datasets by default. Change the following cell for a custom path.

In [2]:

model_path = os.path.expanduser("~/") + ".oodeel/saved_models"
data_path = os.path.expanduser("~/") + ".oodeel/datasets"
os.makedirs(model_path, exist_ok=True)
os.makedirs(data_path, exist_ok=True)

model_path = os.path.expanduser("~/") + ".oodeel/saved_models" data_path = os.path.expanduser("~/") + ".oodeel/datasets" os.makedirs(model_path, exist_ok=True) os.makedirs(data_path, exist_ok=True)

MNIST vs Fashion MNIST¶

• In-distribution data: MNIST
• Out-of-distribution data: Fashion MNIST

Load and prepare the datasets¶

This is performed using the class OODDataset. First, load the datasets.

Before loading, choose your backend (tensorflow or torch). You only have to give it as input to OODDataset and that's it. The rest of the code will be exactly the same regardless of the library (except for model loading).

When a str is given as argument, OODDataset will automatically search in the tensorflow_datasets or torchision.datasets catalogs. Be careful with the str you give as input, it has to exactly match the name of the dataset in tensorflow_datasets or torchision.datasets (and it is case-sensitive).

Loading from existing data objects

In this notebook, the datasets are loaded from platforms, but you can also instanciate OODDataset with your own tf.data.Dataset, tf.Tensor, torch.Dataset or np.arrays

Warning

• We denote In-Distribution (ID) data with _in and Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) data with _out to avoid confusion with OOD detection which is the name of the task, and is therefore used to denote core classes such as OODDataset and OODBaseDetector.
• When loading from tensorflow_datasets or torchision.datasets, do not forget to check which load_kwargs to add. It can change for different datasets, even withing a same platform.

In pytorch from torchision.datasets catalog:

In [3]:

backend = "torch"
data_handler = load_data_handler(backend)

ds_in = data_handler.load_dataset(
    "MNIST",
    load_kwargs={"train": False, "root": data_path, "download": True},
)
ds_out = data_handler.load_dataset(
    "FashionMNIST",
    load_kwargs={"train": False, "root": data_path, "download": True},
)
ds_train = data_handler.load_dataset(
    "MNIST",
    load_kwargs={"train": True, "root": data_path, "download": True},
)


def preprocess_fn(inputs):
    inputs["input"] = inputs["input"].float() / 255.0
    return inputs

backend = "torch" data_handler = load_data_handler(backend) ds_in = data_handler.load_dataset( "MNIST", load_kwargs={"train": False, "root": data_path, "download": True}, ) ds_out = data_handler.load_dataset( "FashionMNIST", load_kwargs={"train": False, "root": data_path, "download": True}, ) ds_train = data_handler.load_dataset( "MNIST", load_kwargs={"train": True, "root": data_path, "download": True}, ) def preprocess_fn(inputs): inputs["input"] = inputs["input"].float() / 255.0 return inputs

In tensorflow from tensorflow_datasets catalog:

In [4]:

backend = "tensorflow"
data_handler = load_data_handler(backend)

ds_in = data_handler.load_dataset(
    "mnist",
    load_kwargs={"split": "test"},
)
ds_out = data_handler.load_dataset(
    "fashion_mnist",
    load_kwargs={"split": "test"},
)
ds_train = data_handler.load_dataset(
    "mnist",
    load_kwargs={"split": "train"},
)


def preprocess_fn(inputs):
    inputs["image"] /= 255
    return inputs

backend = "tensorflow" data_handler = load_data_handler(backend) ds_in = data_handler.load_dataset( "mnist", load_kwargs={"split": "test"}, ) ds_out = data_handler.load_dataset( "fashion_mnist", load_kwargs={"split": "test"}, ) ds_train = data_handler.load_dataset( "mnist", load_kwargs={"split": "train"}, ) def preprocess_fn(inputs): inputs["image"] /= 255 return inputs

Note

When backend is "torch", the datasets can still be loaded from tensorflow_datasets, and are converted on the fly and loaded on VRAM as torch tensors. This feature can be useful because tensorflow_datasets's catalog is way larger than torchvision dataset's. In that case, however, the loaded dataset cannot be used for training with train_torch_model.

Then, prepare the dataset for scoring and/or training using .prepare method.

In [5]:

batch_size = 128

ds_in = data_handler.prepare(
    ds_in,
    batch_size=batch_size,
    preprocess_fn=preprocess_fn,
    columns=["image", "label"],
)
ds_out = data_handler.prepare(
    ds_out,
    batch_size=batch_size,
    preprocess_fn=preprocess_fn,
    columns=["image", "label"],
)
ds_train = data_handler.prepare(
    ds_train,
    batch_size=batch_size,
    preprocess_fn=preprocess_fn,
    columns=["image", "label"],
    shuffle=True,
)

batch_size = 128 ds_in = data_handler.prepare( ds_in, batch_size=batch_size, preprocess_fn=preprocess_fn, columns=["image", "label"], ) ds_out = data_handler.prepare( ds_out, batch_size=batch_size, preprocess_fn=preprocess_fn, columns=["image", "label"], ) ds_train = data_handler.prepare( ds_train, batch_size=batch_size, preprocess_fn=preprocess_fn, columns=["image", "label"], shuffle=True, )

ds_in, ds_out and ds_train are regular tf.data.Datasetor torch.DataLoader that you can use like usual!

Train or load a model on in-distribution data (MNIST).

... a keras model if backend="tensorflow"... or a pytorch one, if backend="torch".

In [6]:

model_path_mnist = os.path.join(model_path, "mnist_model_tensorflow.h5")

try:
    model_tf = tf.keras.models.load_model(model_path_mnist)
except OSError:
    train_config = {
        "model": "toy_convnet",
        "input_shape": (28, 28, 1),
        "num_classes": 10,
        "epochs": 5,
        "save_dir": model_path_mnist,
        "validation_data": ds_in,  # ds_in is actually the test set of MNIST
    }

    model_tf = train_tf_model(ds_train, **train_config)

model_path_mnist = os.path.join(model_path, "mnist_model_tensorflow.h5") try: model_tf = tf.keras.models.load_model(model_path_mnist) except OSError: train_config = { "model": "toy_convnet", "input_shape": (28, 28, 1), "num_classes": 10, "epochs": 5, "save_dir": model_path_mnist, "validation_data": ds_in, # ds_in is actually the test set of MNIST } model_tf = train_tf_model(ds_train, **train_config)

... or a pytorch one, if backend="torch"

In [7]:

model_path_mnist = os.path.join(model_path, "mnist_model_torch")
try:
    model_torch = torch.load(os.path.join(model_path_mnist, "best.pt"))
except OSError:
    train_config = {
        "model": "toy_convnet",
        "num_classes": 10,
        "epochs": 5,
        "save_dir": model_path_mnist,
        "validation_data": ds_in,  # ds_in is actually the test set of MNIST
        "cuda_idx": cuda_idx,
    }
    model_torch = train_torch_model(ds_train, **train_config)

model_path_mnist = os.path.join(model_path, "mnist_model_torch") try: model_torch = torch.load(os.path.join(model_path_mnist, "best.pt")) except OSError: train_config = { "model": "toy_convnet", "num_classes": 10, "epochs": 5, "save_dir": model_path_mnist, "validation_data": ds_in, # ds_in is actually the test set of MNIST "cuda_idx": cuda_idx, } model_torch = train_torch_model(ds_train, **train_config)

Maximum Logit Score (MLS)¶

Return an OOD score based on the maximum value of the output logits. Introduced in Open-Set Recognition: a Good Closed-Set Classifier is All You Need?, ICLR 2022.

In this section, we use model_tf because backend="tensorflow"

In [8]:

if backend == "tensorflow":
    model = model_tf
elif backend == "torch":
    model = model_torch

if backend == "tensorflow": model = model_tf elif backend == "torch": model = model_torch

Simply fit the OODBaseDetector to the model and then score the dataset.

In [9]:

mls = MLS()

mls.fit(model)
scores_in, _ = mls.score(ds_in)
scores_out, _ = mls.score(ds_out)

mls = MLS() mls.fit(model) scores_in, _ = mls.score(ds_in) scores_out, _ = mls.score(ds_out)

Tip

You can also obtain the prediction of the underlying model using the .score method. Just name a variable instead of _. For instance, in scores_in, info_in = mls.score(ds_in), info_in is a dict containing the predictions of the model from ds_in, and the labels if they are found in ds_in. Here, we use _ because we do not need the predictions.

Compute the evaluation metrics based on the scores of the test data, and visualize the scores histogram.

In [10]:

metrics = bench_metrics(
    (scores_in, scores_out),
    metrics=["auroc", "fpr95tpr", accuracy_score],
    threshold=-7.5,  # visually chosen based on the plot
)

plt.figure(figsize=(13, 5))
plot_ood_scores(scores_in, scores_out)
plt.show()
metrics = pd.Series(metrics)
print(metrics)

metrics = bench_metrics( (scores_in, scores_out), metrics=["auroc", "fpr95tpr", accuracy_score], threshold=-7.5, # visually chosen based on the plot ) plt.figure(figsize=(13, 5)) plot_ood_scores(scores_in, scores_out) plt.show() metrics = pd.Series(metrics) print(metrics)

auroc             0.99227
fpr95tpr          0.02770
accuracy_score    0.87315
dtype: float64

Maximum Softmax Probability (MSP)¶

It is possible to do the same after the softmax activation. Introduced in A Baseline for Detecting Misclassified and Out-of-Distribution Examples in Neural Networks, ICLR 2017.

In [11]:

msp = MLS(output_activation="softmax")
msp.fit(model)
scores_in, _ = msp.score(ds_in)
scores_out, _ = msp.score(ds_out)

metrics = bench_metrics(
    (scores_in, scores_out),
    metrics=["auroc", "fpr95tpr", accuracy_score, roc_auc_score],
    threshold=-0.95,  # visually chosen based on the plot
)

# Normalize scores for a better hist visualization
minim = np.min([np.min(scores_in), np.min(scores_out)])
scores_in_ = scores_in - 2 * minim + np.min(scores_in[np.where(scores_in != minim)])
scores_out_ = scores_out - 2 * minim + np.min(scores_in[np.where(scores_in != minim)])

plt.figure(figsize=(13, 5))
plot_ood_scores(scores_in_, scores_out_, log_scale=True)
plt.show()
metrics = pd.Series(metrics)
print(metrics)

msp = MLS(output_activation="softmax") msp.fit(model) scores_in, _ = msp.score(ds_in) scores_out, _ = msp.score(ds_out) metrics = bench_metrics( (scores_in, scores_out), metrics=["auroc", "fpr95tpr", accuracy_score, roc_auc_score], threshold=-0.95, # visually chosen based on the plot ) # Normalize scores for a better hist visualization minim = np.min([np.min(scores_in), np.min(scores_out)]) scores_in_ = scores_in - 2 * minim + np.min(scores_in[np.where(scores_in != minim)]) scores_out_ = scores_out - 2 * minim + np.min(scores_in[np.where(scores_in != minim)]) plt.figure(figsize=(13, 5)) plot_ood_scores(scores_in_, scores_out_, log_scale=True) plt.show() metrics = pd.Series(metrics) print(metrics)

auroc             0.985025
fpr95tpr          0.057000
accuracy_score    0.946000
roc_auc_score     0.985024
dtype: float64

MNIST (0-4) vs MNIST (5-9)¶

• In-distribution data: MNIST (0-4)
• Out-of-distribution data: MNIST (5-9)

We can repeat the procedure in an open-set-recognition or semantic OOD setting by considering a subset of MNIST classes as in-distribution and another subset as out-of-distribution. The datasets are constructed using the OODDataset method .split_by_class. First load and split the dataset.

In Pytorch:

In [19]:

backend = "torch"
data_handler = load_data_handler(backend)

ds_test = data_handler.load_dataset(
    "MNIST",
    load_kwargs={"train": True, "root": data_path, "download": True},
)
ds_train = data_handler.load_dataset(
    "MNIST",
    load_kwargs={"train": False, "root": data_path, "download": True},
)


def preprocess_fn(inputs):
    inputs["input"] = inputs["input"].float() / 255.0
    return inputs

backend = "torch" data_handler = load_data_handler(backend) ds_test = data_handler.load_dataset( "MNIST", load_kwargs={"train": True, "root": data_path, "download": True}, ) ds_train = data_handler.load_dataset( "MNIST", load_kwargs={"train": False, "root": data_path, "download": True}, ) def preprocess_fn(inputs): inputs["input"] = inputs["input"].float() / 255.0 return inputs

or in Tensorflow

In [20]:

backend = "tensorflow"
data_handler = load_data_handler(backend)

ds_test = data_handler.load_dataset(
    "mnist",
    load_kwargs={"split": "test"},
)
ds_train = data_handler.load_dataset(
    "mnist",
    load_kwargs={"split": "train"},
)


def preprocess_fn(inputs):
    inputs["image"] /= 255
    return inputs


clear_output()

backend = "tensorflow" data_handler = load_data_handler(backend) ds_test = data_handler.load_dataset( "mnist", load_kwargs={"split": "test"}, ) ds_train = data_handler.load_dataset( "mnist", load_kwargs={"split": "train"}, ) def preprocess_fn(inputs): inputs["image"] /= 255 return inputs clear_output()

Then prepare the datasets for scoring and/or training.

In [21]:

batch_size = 128
inc_labels = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
ds_train, _ = data_handler.split_by_class(ds_train, in_labels=inc_labels)
ds_in, ds_out = data_handler.split_by_class(ds_test, in_labels=inc_labels)



ds_train = data_handler.prepare(
    ds_train,
    batch_size=batch_size,
    preprocess_fn=preprocess_fn,
    shuffle=True,
    columns=["image", "label"],
)
ds_in = data_handler.prepare(
    ds_in,
    batch_size=batch_size,
    preprocess_fn=preprocess_fn,
    columns=["image", "label"],
)
ds_out = data_handler.prepare(
    ds_out,
    batch_size=batch_size,
    preprocess_fn=preprocess_fn,
    columns=["image", "label"],
)

batch_size = 128 inc_labels = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] ds_train, _ = data_handler.split_by_class(ds_train, in_labels=inc_labels) ds_in, ds_out = data_handler.split_by_class(ds_test, in_labels=inc_labels) ds_train = data_handler.prepare( ds_train, batch_size=batch_size, preprocess_fn=preprocess_fn, shuffle=True, columns=["image", "label"], ) ds_in = data_handler.prepare( ds_in, batch_size=batch_size, preprocess_fn=preprocess_fn, columns=["image", "label"], ) ds_out = data_handler.prepare( ds_out, batch_size=batch_size, preprocess_fn=preprocess_fn, columns=["image", "label"], )

Train or load the model.

In Tensorflow:

In [22]:

model_path_mnist_04 = os.path.join(model_path, "mnist_model_0-4.h5")

try:
    model_tf = tf.keras.models.load_model(model_path_mnist_04)
except OSError:
    train_config = {
        "model": "toy_convnet",
        "input_shape": (28, 28, 1),
        "num_classes": 5,
        "epochs": 5,
        "save_dir": model_path_mnist_04,
        "validation_data": ds_in,  # ds_in is actually the test set of MNIST
    }

    model_tf = train_tf_model(ds_train, **train_config)

model_path_mnist_04 = os.path.join(model_path, "mnist_model_0-4.h5") try: model_tf = tf.keras.models.load_model(model_path_mnist_04) except OSError: train_config = { "model": "toy_convnet", "input_shape": (28, 28, 1), "num_classes": 5, "epochs": 5, "save_dir": model_path_mnist_04, "validation_data": ds_in, # ds_in is actually the test set of MNIST } model_tf = train_tf_model(ds_train, **train_config)

In Pytorch:

In [23]:

model_path_mnist = os.path.join(model_path, "mnist_model_torch_0-4")
try:
    model_torch = torch.load(os.path.join(model_path_mnist, "best.pt"))
except OSError:
    train_config = {
        "model": "toy_convnet",
        "num_classes": 5,
        "epochs": 5,
        "save_dir": model_path_mnist,
        "validation_data": ds_in,  # ds_in is actually the test set of MNIST
        "cuda_idx": cuda_idx,
    }
    model_torch = train_torch_model(ds_train, **train_config)

model_path_mnist = os.path.join(model_path, "mnist_model_torch_0-4") try: model_torch = torch.load(os.path.join(model_path_mnist, "best.pt")) except OSError: train_config = { "model": "toy_convnet", "num_classes": 5, "epochs": 5, "save_dir": model_path_mnist, "validation_data": ds_in, # ds_in is actually the test set of MNIST "cuda_idx": cuda_idx, } model_torch = train_torch_model(ds_train, **train_config)

Maximum Logit Score (MLS)¶

In [24]:

if backend == "tensorflow":
    model = model_tf
elif backend == "torch":
    model = model_torch

mls = MLS()
mls.fit(model)
scores_in, _ = mls.score(ds_in)
scores_out, _ = mls.score(ds_out)


metrics = bench_metrics(
    (scores_in, scores_out),
    metrics=["auroc", "fpr95tpr", accuracy_score, roc_auc_score],
    threshold=-7.5,  # visually chosen based on the plot
)

plt.figure(figsize=(13, 5))
plot_ood_scores(scores_in, scores_out)
plt.show()
metrics = pd.Series(metrics)
print(metrics)

if backend == "tensorflow": model = model_tf elif backend == "torch": model = model_torch mls = MLS() mls.fit(model) scores_in, _ = mls.score(ds_in) scores_out, _ = mls.score(ds_out) metrics = bench_metrics( (scores_in, scores_out), metrics=["auroc", "fpr95tpr", accuracy_score, roc_auc_score], threshold=-7.5, # visually chosen based on the plot ) plt.figure(figsize=(13, 5)) plot_ood_scores(scores_in, scores_out) plt.show() metrics = pd.Series(metrics) print(metrics)

auroc             0.931308
fpr95tpr          0.403775
accuracy_score    0.851600
roc_auc_score     0.931308
dtype: float64

Maximum Softmax Probability (MSP)¶

In [25]:

msp = MLS(output_activation="softmax")
msp.fit(model)
scores_in, _ = msp.score(ds_in)
scores_out, _ = msp.score(ds_out)


metrics = bench_metrics(
    (scores_in, scores_out),
    metrics=["auroc", "fpr95tpr", accuracy_score, roc_auc_score],
    threshold=-0.95,  # visually chosen based on the plot
)

# Normalize scores for a better hist visualization
minim = np.min([np.min(scores_in), np.min(scores_out)])
scores_in_ = scores_in - 2 * minim + np.min(scores_in[np.where(scores_in != minim)])
scores_out_ = scores_out - 2 * minim + np.min(scores_in[np.where(scores_in != minim)])

plt.figure(figsize=(13, 5))
plot_ood_scores(scores_in_, scores_out_, log_scale=True)
plt.show()
metrics = pd.Series(metrics)
print(metrics)

msp = MLS(output_activation="softmax") msp.fit(model) scores_in, _ = msp.score(ds_in) scores_out, _ = msp.score(ds_out) metrics = bench_metrics( (scores_in, scores_out), metrics=["auroc", "fpr95tpr", accuracy_score, roc_auc_score], threshold=-0.95, # visually chosen based on the plot ) # Normalize scores for a better hist visualization minim = np.min([np.min(scores_in), np.min(scores_out)]) scores_in_ = scores_in - 2 * minim + np.min(scores_in[np.where(scores_in != minim)]) scores_out_ = scores_out - 2 * minim + np.min(scores_in[np.where(scores_in != minim)]) plt.figure(figsize=(13, 5)) plot_ood_scores(scores_in_, scores_out_, log_scale=True) plt.show() metrics = pd.Series(metrics) print(metrics)

auroc             0.938834
fpr95tpr          0.416813
accuracy_score    0.819200
roc_auc_score     0.938834
dtype: float64